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How to find out Router MAC address

28/05/2023 Aucun commentaire

Source: nixCraft

MAC is acronym for for Media Access Control address. It is a unique identifier attached to almost most all networking equipment such as Routers, Ethernet cards and other devices.

If you do not have access to router admin interface (via telnet or webbased), use following method to find out router MAC address.

You need to use arp command (available on both Windows, Linux/Unixish systems).

arp manipulates the kernel’s ARP cache in various ways. The primary options are clearing an address mapping entry and manually setting up one. For debugging purposes, the arp program also allows a complete dump of the ARP cache.

arp shows the entries of the specified hosts. If the hostname parameter is not used, all entries will be displayed.

Task: Find out router Mac Address

To find out your router MAC address, use arp command as follows:

$ /usr/sbin/arp -a
OR
$ arp -a
Output:

router (192.168.1.254) at 00:08:5C:00:00:01 [ether] on eth0
fbsd6 (192.168.1.16) at 00:0F:EA:91:04:07 [ether] on eth0

In above example 00:08:5C:00:00:01 is MAC address of my router. If you cannot find MAC address then just ping to your router once (my router had 192.168.1.254 IP)
$ ping 192.168.1.254
And then run (type arp -a) above arp command again. If you have telnet access to router then you can just telnet into router and find out MAC address:
$ telnet 192.168.1.254

Output:

Welcome to nixCraft Router!
Login: admin
Password:

Once logged in type ifconfig command:

$ ifconfig br0

Output:

br0             Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:08:5C:00:00:01
        inet addr:192.168.1.254  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
        UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
        RX packets:48574 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
        TX packets:61329 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
        collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
        RX bytes:9146189 (8.7 MiB)  TX bytes:74456679 (71.0 MiB)

Please note that your interface name (br0) could be different. You can also use ifconfig -a command.

Windows XP/NT/2003 find out Router Mac address

If you are using Microsoft Windows XP then you need to open MS-DOS shell prompt first. Click on Start > Run > Type cmd command followed by ENTER key. Then at C:\> prompt, type arp command as follows:

C:\> arp -a

Categories: Réseau Tags: ,

Fail2ban – Block unwanted attacks

27/05/2023 Aucun commentaire

source: Paul’s blog

Up until now i have been manually blocking ip’s that attack my server but by the time i see them the attacks have normally finished but after the last big attack on my email server (some 35,000 attempts) i decided to find a way to automate the blocking. After a bit of research i decided to setup Fail2ban and here’s how i did it.

As i use a 3rd party repostories – EPEL (how to add repositories) i can just use yum to install it

yum install fail2ban

once installed i just needed to change the configuration to my liking, the config files can be found at “/etc/fail2ban”

first i edit “/etc/fail2ban/fail2ban.conf” and ensure the “logtarget” is set correctly

logtarget = /var/log/fail2ban.log

The default behaviour of fail2ban is configured in the file “/etc/fail2ban/jail.conf”. There’s a [DEFAULT] section that applies to all other sections unless the default options are overridden in the other sections. Lire la suite…

mod_geoip2 Apache module

25/05/2023 Aucun commentaire

The mod_geoip2 module embeds GeoIP database lookups into the Apache web server. It is only capable of looking up the IP of a client that connects to the web server, as opposed to looking up arbitrary addresses.

This module works with Apache 2. Please use mod_geoip with Apache 1.

Installation

You may download the latest release of mod_geoip2 or get the latest development version from GitHub. See the included INSTALL file in the tarball for installation details.

Overview

The mod_geoip2 module uses the libGeoIP library to look up geolocation information for a client as part of the http request process. This module is free software, and is licensed under the Apache license.

To compile and install this module, you must first install libGeoIP 1.4.3 or newer.

The mod_geoip2 module takes effect either during request header parsing phase or the post read request phase, depending on whether it is configured for server-wide use or for a specific location/directory.

When enabled, the module looks at the incoming IP address and sets some variables which provide geolocation information for that IP. The variables it set depend on the specific GeoIP database being used (Country, City, ISP, etc.). These variables can be set in either the request notes table, the environment or both depending on the server configuration.

Lire la suite…

Create DNS Service Location (SRV) records for the Exchange Autodiscover service

24/05/2023 Aucun commentaire

Source: Upwards with SBS

In earlier blog posts I’ve discussed other DNS records such as the TXT SPF record.  This is a new but very important record that you will want in place for your domain.

Here’s a list of great resources that describe this in detail and include guidance to manually create and publish the record to whomever is hosting your DNS records for the domain.

Categories: Logiciel, Réseau Tags: ,

CIDR subnet mask cheatsheet ICMP type codes

23/05/2023 Aucun commentaire

Source: oav.net

255.255.255.255  11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111  /32  Host (single addr)
255.255.255.254  11111111.11111111.11111111.11111110  /31  Unuseable
255.255.255.252  11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100  /30    2  useable
255.255.255.248  11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000  /29    6  useable
255.255.255.240  11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000  /28   14  useable
255.255.255.224  11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000  /27   30  useable
255.255.255.192  11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000  /26   62  useable
255.255.255.128  11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000  /25  126  useable
255.255.255.0    11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000  /24 "Class C" 254 useable

255.255.254.0    11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000  /23    2  Class C's
255.255.252.0    11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000  /22    4  Class C's
255.255.248.0    11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000  /21    8  Class C's
255.255.240.0    11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000  /20   16  Class C's
255.255.224.0    11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000  /19   32  Class C's
255.255.192.0    11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000  /18   64  Class C's
255.255.128.0    11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000  /17  128  Class C's
255.255.0.0      11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000  /16  "Class B"
     
255.254.0.0      11111111.11111110.00000000.00000000  /15    2  Class B's
255.252.0.0      11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000  /14    4  Class B's
255.248.0.0      11111111.11111000.00000000.00000000  /13    8  Class B's
255.240.0.0      11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000  /12   16  Class B's
255.224.0.0      11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000  /11   32  Class B's
255.192.0.0      11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000  /10   64  Class B's
255.128.0.0      11111111.10000000.00000000.00000000  /9   128  Class B's
255.0.0.0        11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000  /8   "Class A"
  
254.0.0.0        11111110.00000000.00000000.00000000  /7
252.0.0.0        11111100.00000000.00000000.00000000  /6
248.0.0.0        11111000.00000000.00000000.00000000  /5
240.0.0.0        11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000  /4
224.0.0.0        11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000  /3
192.0.0.0        11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000  /2
128.0.0.0        10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000  /1
0.0.0.0          00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000  /0   IP space

                                   Net     Host    Total
Net      Addr                      Addr    Addr    Number
Class   Range      NetMask         Bits    Bits   of hosts
----------------------------------------------------------
A        0-127    255.0.0.0         8      24     16777216   (i.e. 114.0.0.0)
B      128-191    255.255.0.0      16      16        65536   (i.e. 150.0.0.0)
C      192-254    255.255.255.0    24       8          256   (i.e. 199.0.0.0)
D      224-239    (multicast)
E      240-255    (reserved)
F      208-215    255.255.255.240  28       4           16
G      216/8      ARIN - North America
G      217/8      RIPE NCC - Europe
G      218-219/8  APNIC
H      220-221    255.255.255.248  29       3            8   (reserved)
K      222-223    255.255.255.254  31       1            2   (reserved)
(ref: RFC1375 & http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space )
(               http://www.iana.org/numbers.htm                    )
----------------------------------------------------------

The current list of special use prefixes:
	0.0.0.0/8	
	127.0.0.0/8
	192.0.2.0/24
	10.0.0.0/8
	172.16.0.0/12
	192.168.0.0/16
	169.254.0.0/16
	all D/E space
(ref: RFC1918 http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1918.txt   )
(       or     ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1918.txt     )
(rfc search:   http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfcsearch.html   )
(              http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt )
(              http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html            )


Martians: (updates at: www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space )
 no ip source-route
 access-list 100 deny   ip host 0.0.0.0 any
  deny ip 0.0.0.0         0.255.255.255  any log  ! antispoof
  deny ip 0.0.0.0 0.255.255.255  0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 ! antispoof
  deny ip any             255.255.255.128 0.0.0.127 ! antispoof
  deny ip host            0.0.0.0        any log  ! antispoof
  deny ip host            [router intf]  [router intf] ! antispoof
  deny ip xxx.xxx.xxx.0   0.0.0.255      any log  ! lan area
  deny ip 0/8             0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 1/8             0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 2/8             0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 5/8             0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 7/8             0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 10.0.0.0        0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Private Use
  deny ip 23/8            0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 27/8            0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 31/8            0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 36-37/8         0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 39/8            0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 41-42/8         0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 50/8            0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 58-60/8         0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 69-79/8         0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 82-95/8         0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 96-126/8        0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 127/8           0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 169.254.0.0     0.0.255.255    any log  ! link-local network
  deny ip 172.16.0.0      0.15.255.255   any log  ! reserved
  deny ip 192.168.0.0     0.0.255.255    any log  ! reserved
  deny ip 192.0.2.0       0.0.0.255      any log  ! test network
  deny ip 197/8           0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 220/8           0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 222-223/8       0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved
  deny ip 224.0.0.0       31.255.255.255 any log  ! multicast
  deny ip 224.0.0.0       15.255.255.255 any log  ! unless MBGP-learned routes
  deny ip 224-239/8       0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Multicast
  deny ip 240-255/8       0.255.255.255  any log  ! IANA - Reserved

filtered source addresses
  0/8                 ! broadcast
  10/8                ! RFC 1918 private
  127/8               ! loopback
  169.254.0/16        ! link local
  172.16.0.0/12       ! RFC 1918 private
  192.0.2.0/24        ! TEST-NET
  192.168.0/16        ! RFC 1918 private
  224.0.0.0/4         ! class D multicast
  240.0.0.0/5         ! class E reserved
  248.0.0.0/5         ! reserved
  255.255.255.255/32  ! broadcast

ARIN administrated blocks: (http://www.arin.net/regserv/IPStats.html)
   24.0.0.0/8 (portions of)
   63.0.0.0/8
   64.0.0.0/8
   65.0.0.0/8
   66.0.0.0/8
  196.0.0.0/8
  198.0.0.0/8
  199.0.0.0/8
  200.0.0.0/8
  204.0.0.0/8
  205.0.0.0/8
  206.0.0.0/8
  207.0.0.0/8
  208.0.0.0/8
  209.0.0.0/8
  216.0.0.0/8
----------------------------------------------------------

well known ports: (rfc1700.txt)
 www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers

protocol numbers:
 www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers
 www.iana.org/numbers.htm

ICMP(Types/Codes)
 Testing Destination Reachability & Status
  (0/0)  Echo-Reply
  (8/0)  Echo
 Unreachable Destinations
  (3/0)  Network Unreachable
  (3/1)  Host Unreachable
  (3/2)  Protocol Unreachable
  (3/3)  Port Unreachable
  (3/4)  Fragmentaion Needed and DF set (Pkt too big)
  (3/5)  Source Route Failed
  (3/6)  Network Unknown
  (3/7)  Host Unknown
  (3/9)  DOD Net Prohibited
  (3/10) DOD Host Prohibited
  (3/11) Net TOS Unreachable
  (3/12) Host TOS Unreachable
  (3/13) Administratively Prohibited
  (3/14) Host Precedence Unreachable
  (3/15) Precedence Unreachable
 Flow Control
  (4/0)  Source-Quench [RFC 1016]
 Route Change Requests from Gateways
  (5/0)  Redirect Datagrams for the Net
  (5/1)  Redirect Datagrams for the Host
  (5/2)  Redirect Datagrams for the TOS and Net
  (5/3)  Redirect Datagrams for the TOS and Host
 Router
  (6/-)  Alternate-Address
  (9/0)  Router-Advertisement
  (10/0) Router-Solicitation
 Detecting Circular or Excessively Long Routes
  (11/0) Time to Live Count Exceeded
  (11/1) Fragment Reassembly Time Exceeded
 Reporting Incorrect Datagram Headers
  (12/0) Parameter-Problem
  (12/1) Option Missing
  (12/2) No Room for Option
 Clock Synchronization and Transit Time Estimation
  (13/0) Timestamp-Request
  (14/0) Timestamp-Reply
 Obtaining a Network Address (RARP Alternative)
  (15/0) Information-Request
  (16/0) Information-Reply
 Obtaining a Subnet Mask [RFC 950]
  (17/0) Address Mask-Request
  (18/0) Address Mask-Reply
 Other
  (30/0) Traceroute
  (31/0) Conversion-Error
  (32/0) Mobile-Redirect

Ref: [RFC 792] [RFC 896] [RFC 950] [RFC 1016]
  www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/lan/cat6000/sw_5_3/cofigide/qos.htm#19774



Decimal system Prefix's
              Factor               Exponent  Prefix
---------------------------------------------------
 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000...10^24....yotta
     1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000...10^21....zetta
         1 000 000 000 000 000 000...10^18....exa
             1 000 000 000 000 000...10^15....peta
                 1 000 000 000 000...10^12....tera
                     1 000 000 000...10^9.....giga
                         1 000 000...10^6.....mega
                             1 000...10^3.....kilo
                               100...10^2.....hecto
                                10...10^1.....deka
                               0.1...10^-1....deci
                              0.01...10^-2....centi
                             0.001...10^-3....milli
                         0.000 001...10^-6....micro
                     0.000 000 001...10^-9....nano
                 0.000 000 000 001...10^-12...pico
             0.000 000 000 000 001...10^-15...femto
         0.000 000 000 000 000 001...10^-18...atto
     0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001...10^-21...zepto
 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001...10^-24...yocto
---------------------------------------------------

Convert Fahrenheit <> Celsius:
 Celsius = (Fahrenheit - 32) / 1.8
 Fahrenheit = (Celsius * 1.8) + 32

 

Categories: Réseau Tags: ,