Databases, Systems & Networks

Source: tty1.netthere

This page presents a simple firewall script. It is probably not the best of all possible firewalls, nor the most secure, but may be a starting point for your experiments. Please send any comments and suggestions to <tehpeh-web@tty1.net>.

Update 2011-05-28: IPv6 script

Please see the page for a newer firewall script with IPv6 support.

Turning on native Kernel IPv4 protection

The Linux kernel provides some basic protections against manipulated IP packets. A configuration could be:

echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syncookies                          # enable syn cookies (prevent against the common 'syn flood attack')
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward                              # disable Packet forwarning between interfaces
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts             # ignore all ICMP ECHO and TIMESTAMP requests sent to it via broadcast/multicast
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/log_martians                   # log packets with impossible addresses to kernel log
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses       # disable logging of bogus responses to broadcast frames
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/rp_filter                      # do source validation by reversed path (Recommended option for single homed hosts)
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/send_redirects                 # don't send redirects
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/accept_source_route            # don't accept packets with SRR option

Further reading:

• The file Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt in your kernel source directory
• Network Security with /proc/sys/net/ipv4

Limit ping responses

Any iptables rule can be tuned to respond only to a limited number of times per time unit by using the limit module. This can be extremely useful for log entries (A ping flooding will not lock down your computer by writing to log files). I will show an example on how to limit on ICMP responses. This is not really useful, because it imposes a maximum number of responses for ALL source IP addresses, but it may help to reduce network traffic on brute force attacks (and reduce volume in the log file).

iptables -A INPUT  -p icmp -m limit --limit 10/second -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT  -p icmp -j DROP

This will limit the ICMP responses to a maximum of 10 replies per second. All the rest is silently dropped. Beware: dropping ICMP responses may slow down or cut off legitimate users (for example when ICMP “Fragmentation Needed” packets are dropped).

Dealing with brute force ssh attacks

A stateful firewall can make brute force ssh scans more painful to the attacker by slowing down the responses. I will present a simple teergrubing strategy against ssh scans. This method relies on the IPTables/Netfilter Recent Module, written by Snow-man. The idea is simple: permit only a limited number of new connections per source IP address; drop any further connection attempt for a while.

iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m recent --rcheck --seconds 60 --hitcount 2 --name SSH -j LOG --log-prefix "SH "
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m recent --update --seconds 60 --hitcount 2 --name SSH -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -m recent --set --name SSH -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT  -i $int_if -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT

Line 1 of the script checks if the source IP has already marked as ‘Bad Guy’ and logs the packet, if so. The second line drops the packet if it comes from a marked IP address and marks the source again. This ensures that the source will stay blacklisted as long as the attack continues. The third line marks the source IP as ‘Bad Guy’ if there are more than 2 connection attempts per minute. Note that already established connections continue to work (because the packets will no more arriving on 22).

Further reading:

• IPTables/Netfilter Recent Module
• Securing Debian Manual
• Defending against brute force ssh attacks

Lire la suite…

If you run a wordpress blog these days, you are likely to experience brute force attacks where nefarious individuals attempt to break in to your website by quickly a list of userids and passwords against your wp-login.php.  Here’s how I automated detection and blocking of WordPress brute force login attacks.

Detecting a WordPress Brute Force Attack

One can typically detect a wordpress brute force attack by parsing through your webserver’s access_log file.  The access_log file records all of the access requests that a web server handles.  A brute force attack typically will have frequent and numerous attempts to the wp-login.php file as shown below:

Example:  In the access_log file below, we detect a brute force login attack on our WordPress blog.  We detected it by noticing frequent and constant requests to the wp-login.php file.

31.192.210.159 - - [11/Sep/2014:02:01:43 +0000] "POST http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3389 "http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php" "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.2) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1"
31.192.210.159 - - [11/Sep/2014:02:01:44 +0000] "POST http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3389 "http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php" "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.2) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1"
31.192.210.159 - - [11/Sep/2014:02:01:45 +0000] "POST http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3389 "http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php" "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.2) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1"
31.192.210.159 - - [11/Sep/2014:02:01:47 +0000] "POST http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3389 "http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php" "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.2) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1"
31.192.210.159 - - [11/Sep/2014:02:01:49 +0000] "POST http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3389 "http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php" "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.2) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1"
31.192.210.159 - - [11/Sep/2014:02:01:50 +0000] "POST http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3389 "http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php" "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.2) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1"
31.192.210.159 - - [11/Sep/2014:02:01:51 +0000] "POST http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3389 "http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php" "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.2) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1"
31.192.210.159 - - [11/Sep/2014:02:01:52 +0000] "POST http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3389 "http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php" "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.2) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1"
31.192.210.159 - - [11/Sep/2014:02:01:54 +0000] "POST http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3389 "http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php" "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.2) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1"
31.192.210.159 - - [11/Sep/2014:02:01:55 +0000] "POST http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php HTTP/1.1" 200 3389 "http://www.uptimemadeeasy.com/wp-login.php" "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.2) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1"

Typically in an event like this, I lookup the IP address in the ARIN database as I showed in a previous article:  What Personal Information Can You Get From Your Web Server?  Frequently, I find that the address is from APAC or RIPE addresses.

Lire la suite…

Source: sharadchhetri.com

In this post I will share the iptable script in which we will learn How to protect from port scanning and smurf attack in Linux Server.

Features Of Script :

1. When a attacker try to port scan your server, first because of iptable attacker will not get any information which port is open. Second the Attacking IP address will be blacklisted for 24 Hour (You can change it in script) . Third , after that attacker will not able to open access anything for eg. even attacker will not see any website running on server via web browser, not able to ssh,telnet also. Means completely restricted.
2. Protects from smurf attack
3. Written with the help of IPTABLE hence no System Performance issue like CPU high,Memory usage etc. No third party tool is used
   Note: You can add or remove port no. as per your requirement.

Description about Server where we will implement IPTABLES script:

Operating System : CentOS 6.4 (applicable to Red hat and CentOS servers)
IP Address: 192.168.1.4

Now we will create the script

Step 1: Create a bash script with the name of iptablescript.sh

vi /root/iptablescript.sh

Step 2: Now paste the below given script contents in your bash script file iptablescript.sh

#!/bin/sh
#
#
# Script is for stoping Portscan and smurf attack

### first flush all the iptables Rules
iptables -F


# INPUT iptables Rules
# Accept loopback input
iptables -A INPUT -i lo -p all -j ACCEPT

# allow 3 way handshake
iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT

### DROPspoofing packets
iptables -A INPUT -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j DROP 
iptables -A INPUT -s 169.254.0.0/16 -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -s 172.16.0.0/12 -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -s 127.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j DROP

iptables -A INPUT -s 224.0.0.0/4 -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -d 224.0.0.0/4 -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -s 240.0.0.0/5 -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -d 240.0.0.0/5 -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -s 0.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -d 0.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -d 239.255.255.0/24 -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -d 255.255.255.255 -j DROP

#for SMURF attack protection
iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type address-mask-request -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type timestamp-request -j DROP
iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp -m limit --limit 1/second -j ACCEPT

# Droping all invalid packets
iptables -A INPUT -m state --state INVALID -j DROP
iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state INVALID -j DROP
iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state INVALID -j DROP

# flooding of RST packets, smurf attack Rejection
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags RST RST -m limit --limit 2/second --limit-burst 2 -j ACCEPT

# Protecting portscans
# Attacking IP will be locked for 24 hours (3600 x 24 = 86400 Seconds)
iptables -A INPUT -m recent --name portscan --rcheck --seconds 86400 -j DROP
iptables -A FORWARD -m recent --name portscan --rcheck --seconds 86400 -j DROP

# Remove attacking IP after 24 hours
iptables -A INPUT -m recent --name portscan --remove
iptables -A FORWARD -m recent --name portscan --remove

# These rules add scanners to the portscan list, and log the attempt.
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 139 -m recent --name portscan --set -j LOG --log-prefix "portscan:"
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 139 -m recent --name portscan --set -j DROP

iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -m tcp --dport 139 -m recent --name portscan --set -j LOG --log-prefix "portscan:"
iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp -m tcp --dport 139 -m recent --name portscan --set -j DROP

# Allow the following ports through from outside
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 25 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT

# Allow ping means ICMP port is open (If you do not want ping replace ACCEPT with REJECT)
iptables -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT

# Lastly reject All INPUT traffic
iptables -A INPUT -j REJECT


################# Below are for OUTPUT iptables rules #############################################

## Allow loopback OUTPUT 
iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT

# Allow the following ports through from outside 
# SMTP = 25
# DNS =53
# HTTP = 80
# HTTPS = 443
# SSH = 22
### You can also add or remove port no. as per your requirement

iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 25 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT

# Allow pings
iptables -A OUTPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT

# Lastly Reject all Output traffic
iptables -A OUTPUT -j REJECT

## Reject Forwarding  traffic
iptables -A FORWARD -j REJECT

Step 3: Make the Read Write Execute permission only to root user. (For security)

 chmod 700 /root/iptablescript.sh
  chown root:root /root/iptablescript.sh

Step 4 : Now run the script

sh /root/iptablescript.sh 

or 

/root/iptablescript.sh

Step 6: Now check the IPTABLES rule with following command

iptables -nL

Now we will do testing from remote server to our server where we have implemented the iptable

Step 7: login into any system and try to do port scanning

nmap -sT Server-ip-address

eg.

nmap -sT 192.168.1.4

Step 8: The result should be now from your system like following types

(a) Not getting any output from nmap
(b) Not able to do telnet to any port for eg. telnet Server-ip-address 22

After running nmap means port scan your ip-address is blacklisted.

You can find your system ip address in message logs in Server with the keyword called portscan.
So login back to your server and check the messages log in /var/log

Note : how to install nmap

In Red Hat and CentOS

yum install nmap

In Debian and Ubuntu

apt-get install nmap

Source: Tech Recipes – Quinn McHenry

In computer security, it quickly becomes apparent that preventing computer attacks is much more challenging than attacking computers. A good example of an easy technique to prevent a website from functioning is a distributed denial of service, or DDoS, attack in which a number of compromised computers around the internet make web (or other protocol) requests on some poor server. If the web page requested is one that requires lots of server-side processing, the resulting load from the combined requests prevents the web server from responding to legitimate requests, thus denying the service. As Tech-Recipes.com was subjected to such an attack recently, we felt it might be beneficial to others if we described the steps we took in our response.

Note: The following information is relevant to UNIX-based servers running Apache (although other platforms and software may be applicable). A prerequisite for this approach requires the use of iptables which likely means you need root access to the server, so this will probably not help you if you are using shared hosting. Sorry! Your best bet in this case is to contact your ISP for their help (good luck) as it is in their best interest to prevent high loads on their shared servers, although it is likely that they will temporarily disable your domain services, which is definitely not the best solution from your perspective.

To minimize the impact of a denial of service attack, you should make yourself aware of problems with your web server in near real-time. Several server monitoring services are available. We use both Pingdom and SiteUptime. Using these services, we have redundant notifications of any service disruption sent to our cell phones via SMS and to several email addresses (none of which are handled by our monitored servers, of course). Using these services, we are notified within a minute of a failed request to our production servers.

Before you implement specific anti-DDoS techniques, it is wise to make sure that the problem is actually a DDoS attack. Services may fail to answer a request for a number of reasons among them the executable running the service dying unexpectedly, the ISP hosting the server experiencing a network or server outage, or some other self-correcting glitch in the matrix. To determine if the service failure is due to a DDoS and to collect information necessary to take actions against the attack, you need to dig around first.

You need access to your access_log, the log file which contains a text entry for every request made to your web server. There are many places that this file can hide and it is dependent on your server setup. When in doubt, you can check the ISP’s documentation (search for access log) — the log data may be accessible through a web console, but it is optimal if you have shell access to your server. If your ISP’s online help is not so helpful in finding the access log, you can use the UNIX find command.

Once you have found your access log, cd into the directory containing the log and run the tail command on it with the -f option:

tail -f access_log

The tail command on its own will display the last 10 lines of the specified file and then quit. The -f option will tell tail to keep running after the last 10 lines are displayed and keep displaying subsequent lines that are added to the file. You’re likely to see a flurry of entries. If you don’t see any log messages after the default 10, you’re either looking at the wrong file or the web server is dead or otherwise not seeing any traffic. It is possible that one server can host many websites and each can have a separate access_log file, so be certain that you’re tailing the right one. If the service is dead, resuscitate it through whatever mechanism is appropriate. We’re going to assume from here on out that you’re seeing a ton of access log messages that look very similar (probably hitting the same URL) that don’t have a valid or any referrer (if the referrer is slashdot.org or digg.com, well, then you can be both happy and sad that the traffic, though server crippling, is legitimate) and have a bunch of different IP addresses. During our recent siege, there were so many bogus requests that very few legitimate requests made it to the access_log file. Here are a few lines from our access_log during the attack:

220.255.7.204 - - [07/Jul/2008:19:28:18 -0700] "GET /modules.php?name=Forums&file=index HTTP/1.1" 200 0 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)"
220.255.7.209 - - [07/Jul/2008:19:28:18 -0700] "GET /modules.php?name=Forums&file=index HTTP/1.1" 200 0 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)"
220.255.7.208 - - [07/Jul/2008:19:28:18 -0700] "GET /modules.php?name=Forums&file=index HTTP/1.1" 200 0 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)"
71.232.78.53 - - [07/Jul/2008:19:28:19 -0700] "GET /modules.php?name=Forums&file=index HTTP/1.1" 200 14313 "-" "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)"

If you aren’t familiar with the default structure of Apache’s access_log, the first value is the source IP address of the request, then the date and time of the request is in square brackets, and the first string in double quotes is the HTTP request made. In our example, the request was always the same: “GET /modules.php?name=Forums&file=index HTTP/1.1” — a GET request of the URL (/modules.php?….) and the HTTP protocol used (1.1). The portion of the URL used is important since it is the one thing we can use to identify the offending IP addresses. The second string in quotes is the referring URL, in our case there isn’t one so it shows up as “-” which lends credence to the suspicion that it is a DDoS attack. The remaining string describes the platform and software that has made the request and isn’t very meaningful or helpful to us as it can easily be forged.

Lire la suite…

How do I restrict the number of connections used by a single IP address to my server for port 80 and 25 using iptables?

You need to use the connlimit modules which allows you to restrict the number of parallel TCP connections to a server per client IP address (or address block).

This is useful to protect your server or vps box against flooding, spamming or content scraping.

Syntax

The syntax is as follows:

/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --syn --dport $port -m connlimit --connlimit-above N -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
# save the changes see iptables-save man page, the following is redhat and friends specific command
service iptables save

Example: Limit SSH Connections Per IP / Host

Only allow 3 ssg connections per client host:

/sbin/iptables  -A INPUT -p tcp --syn --dport 22 -m connlimit --connlimit-above 3 -j REJECT
# save the changes see iptables-save man page, the following is redhat and friends specific command
service iptables save

Example: Limit HTTP Connections Per IP / Host

Only allow 20 http connections per IP (MaxClients is set to 60 in httpd.conf):

WARNING! Please note that large proxy servers may legitimately create a large number of connections to your server. You can skip those ips using ! syntax

/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --syn --dport 80 -m connlimit --connlimit-above 20 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
# save the changes see iptables-save man page, the following is redhat and friends specific command
service iptables save

Skip proxy server IP 1.2.3.4 from this kind of limitations:

/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --syn --dport 80 -d ! 1.2.3.4 -m connlimit --connlimit-above 20 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset

Example: Class C Limitations

In this example, limit the parallel http requests to 20 per class C sized network (24 bit netmask)

/sbin/iptables  -A INPUT -p tcp --syn --dport 80 -m connlimit --connlimit-above 20 --connlimit-mask 24 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
# save the changes see iptables-save man page
service iptables save

Lire la suite…